Regents Chemistry Practice Problems : CHEMICAL BONDING

Carbon is an element whose atoms can bond together to form chains, rings and networks. Choice 1 is the correct answer

Table R on the Reference Table lists all the functional groups with examples of molecules. 1-pronanamine is listed under amine functional group and has an atom of nitrogen. Choice 4 is the correct answer.

Table Q on the Reference Table lists three different types of hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Ethyne is given as ana example for the alkynes. We can see a triple bond between the two carbons in ethyne. Each bond has two electrons. A triple bond represeating a sharing of 6 electrons. Choice 1 is the correct answer.

Hydrocarbons consist of hydrogens and carbons only, eliminating choices 3 and 2. An unsaturated hydrocarbon has either a double or a triple bond. Choice 4 is the correct answer.

All we need to do is count the number of atoms of each element on the right side to come up with the correct formula on the left. There are 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygens. Choice 4 is the correct answer.

Table Q on the Regents Reference Table lists all the formulas for hydrocarbons including alkanes (ending in “ane”), alkenes (ending in “ene”) and alkynes (ending in “yne”). You can find ethyne under examples for alkynes and the formula is C_nH_2n-2, choice 4.

A saturated hydrocarbon is a molecule that has all single bonds and consists of carbons and hydrogens only. Choice 1 is the correct answer.

PS: unsaturated hydrocarbons have either a double or a triple bond. Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Let’s go over all of the organic reactions:

Addition: You will recognize an addition reaction by seeing alkene (C_nH_2n) + X2 (X can be Cl, Br, I or F) on the reactant side.
Example: C₃H₆ + Cl₂ → C₃H₆Cl₂

Substitution: You will recognize substitution by seeing alkane ( C_nH_2n+2) + X₂ (X can be Cl, Br, I or F) on the reactant side.
Example: C₄H1₀ + Cl₂ → C₄H₉Cl + HCl

Esterification: alcohol + organic acid —> ester + water

Fermentation: In this reaction Glucose is on the reactant side and ethanol and carbon dioxide are on the product side. An enzyme such as zymase is used to speed up the reaction.
C₆H₁₂O₆ —-> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂

Saponification: This reaction produces soap.

Fat + strong base —> soap + glycerol

Polymerization: small identical molecules come together to make one big molecule.

The correct answer choice is substitution, choice 4.

A hydrocarbon consists of hydrogens and carbons only. Table Q on the Regents Reference Table lists all of the different hydrocarbons including alkenes, name ending in “ene” and having the formula CnH2n.
Table R lists all of the organic functional groups with name examples. We can eliminate 1-iodohexane because it contains an iodine. We can eliminate 3-hexanone because it contains an oxygen (look at the example of ketone on Table R). We can eliminate 3-hexanol because it contains an O ( look at the example of alcohol on Table R). Choice 1 is the correct answer because it is an alkene.