Bronsted- Lowry Acids and Bases In organic chemistry, many reactions involve acids and bases. Let’s look at some definitions first.Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton(H+) donor. Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton (H+) acceptor. Conjugate acid-base pair consists of an acid and its conjugate base. The difference between an acid and its’ conjugate base is one hydrogen…
Identify and label all of the functional groups in the following molecules: LINKS Organic Chemistry Course Online Organic Chemistry Tutoring Transformation Tutoring References: Organic Chemistry as a Second Language by David Klein
Guide To Functional Groups By Mayya Alocci Functional groups are different groups of atoms that characterize a molecule and give it specific chemical reactivity. These groups also serve as basis to name organic molecules. Molecules that have the same functional groups belong to the same class. Note: “R” notation represents all alkyl groups (any hydrocarbon…
In the Bond-line structures Review, we have learned how to understand bond-line structures (also called line-angle structures). We also learned how to go from a condensed formula to Lewis dot structure and to the bond-line structure. Learn how to draw bond-line structures from condensed formulas given HERE Draw a bond-line structure for each of the…
Different Styles Of Drawing Organic Molecules In organic chemistry, there are multiple styles used to draw organic molecules. These are: Lewis structures, condensed structures and bond line structures. In Lewis structures, all of the atoms and bonds are shown. In condensed structures only atoms are shown and not bonds. It is very important to understand…
Resonance structures are multiple electronic representations of the same molecule. The only difference between resonance structures is the location of electrons. A molecule is a hybrid of all of its resonance structures. What this means is that a molecule does NOT switch from one resonance form to another. Rather, it is a combination of all…
(a) CH3CH2OH (b) CH2O (c) C2H4 (d) C2H2 (e) CH3OCH3 (f ) CH3NH2 (g) C3H8 (h) NH3 Solution: Hydrogen bonding is a type of intermolecular force (force of attraction between molecules). Molecules that can exhibit this force must have either OH, NH or FH. For some of the molecules given, drawing Lewis structure is useful…
In order for us to determine the number of sigma and pi bonds, we need to know that a single bond has one sigma bond. A double bond has one sigma and one pi bond. A triple bond has one sigma and two pi bonds. The molecule above has one double bond and one triple…
Constitutional isomers, also called structural isomers, are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure. In our case, the molecular formula is C2H4Cl2. All of the constitutional isomers must have two carbons, four hydrogens and two chlorines. We can begin by drawing two carbons. There are two ways to add two chlorines. We could…
Constitutional isomers, also called structural isomers, are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure. In our case, the molecular formula is C6H14. All of the constitutional isomers must have six carbons and fourteen hydrogens. Please note, we can not add carbons to the ends of the parent chain because it would recreate…